HANDBOOK OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION R.S. KHANDPUR

include bibliograpic refeerences

A. Preface to the third edition
B. Preface to the first edition
C. About the author
A. Part one: measuring, recording and monitoring instruments
1. Fundamentals of medical instrumentation
Role of technology in medicine
Landmark developments in biomedical instrumentation
Physiological systems of the body
Sources of biomedical signals
Basic medical instrumentation system
Performance requirements of medical instrumentation systems
Intelligent medical instrumentation systems
Consumer and portable medical equipment
Implantable medical devices
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (mems)
Wireless connectivity in medical instruments
General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems
Regulation of medical devices
Role of engineers in healthcare facilities
Model questions
2. Bioelectric signals and electrodes
Origin of bioelectric signals
Recording electrodes
Silver-silver chloride electrodes
Electrodes for ecg
Electrodes for eeg
Electrodes for emg
Electrical conductivity of electrode jellies and creams
Microelectrodes
Model questions
3. Physiological transducers
What is a transducer?
Classification of transducers
Performance characteristics of transducers
Displacement, position and motion transducers
Pressure transducers
Transducers for body temperature measurement
Photoelectric transducers
Optical fibre sensors
Biosensors
Smart sensors
Model questions
4. Recording system
Basic recording system
General considerations for signal conditioners
Preamplifiers
Sources of noise in low level measurements
Biomedical signal analysis and processing techniques
The main amplifier and driver stage
Writing systems
Direct writing recorders
The inkjet recorder
Potentiometric recorder
Digital recorders
Video printers
Model questions
5. Biomedical recorders
Electrocardiograph
Vectorcardiograph (vcg)
Phonocardiograph (pcg)
Digital stethoscope
Electroencephalograph (eeg)
Electromyograph
Other biomedical recorders
Biofeedback instrumentation
Model questions
6. Patient monitoring systems
System concepts
Cardiac monitor
Bedside patient monitoring systems
Central monitors
Measurement of heart rate
Measusrement of pulse rate
Blood pressure measurement
Measurement of temperature
Measurement of respiration rate
Catheterization laboratory instrumentation
Model questions
7. Arrhythmia and ambulatory monitoring instruments
Cardiac arrhythmias
Arrhythmia monitor
Qrs detection techniques
Data compression techniques
Exercise stress testing
Ambulatory monitoring instruments
Model questions
8. Foetal monitoring instruments
Cardiotocograph
Methods of monitoring foetal heart rate
Monitoring labour activity
Recording system
Model questions. 9. Oximeters
Oximeters
Ear oximeter
Pulse oximeter
Skin reflectance oximeters
Intravascular oximeter
Model questions
10. Blood flow and cardiac output measurement
Blood flow measurement
Cardiac output measurement
Model questions
11. Biomedical telemetry
Biotelemetry
Single channel telemetry systems
Multi-channel wireless telemetry systems
Multi-patient telemetry
Implantable telemetry systems
Biotelemetry application on wimax networks
Transmission of analog physiological signals over telephone
Model questions
12. Telemedicine technology
What is telemedicine?
Essential parameters for telemedicine
Delivery modes in telemedicine
Telemedicine system
Clinical data interchange/exchange standards
Transmission of still images
Transmission of video images
Transmission of digital audio
Cyber medicine
Applications of telemedicine
Pacs (picture archiving and communication system)
Telemedicine: today and tomorrow
Model questions
13. Pulmonary function analysers
Pulmonary function measurements
Spirometry
Pneumotachmeters
Measurement of volume
Pulmonary function analysers
Respiratory gas analysers
Model questions
14. Clinical laboratory instruments
Medical diagnosis with chemical tests
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometer type instruments
Colorimeters
Spectrophotometers
Clinical flame photometers
Selective-ion electrodes based electrolytes analyser
Automated biochemical analysis systems
Model questions
15. Blood gas analysers
Acid-base balance
Blood ph measurement
Measurement of blood pco2
Blood po2 measurement
Intra-arterial blood gas monitoring
A complete blood gas analyser
Model questions
16. Blood cell counters
Types of blood cells
Methods of cell counting
Coulter counters
Portable coulter counters
Automatic recognition and differential counting of cells
Flow cytometry
Model questions
17. Audiometers and hearing aids
Mechanism of hearing
Measurement of sound
Basic audiometer
Pure-tone audiometer
Speech audiometer
Audiometer system bekesy
Evoked response audiometry system
Calibration of audiometers
Hearing aids
Model questions
18. Patient safety
Electric shock hazards
Leakage currents
Safety codes for electromedical equipment
Electrical safety analyser
Testing of biomedical equipment
Model questions
B. Part two: modern imaging systems
19. X-ray machines and digital radiography
Basis of diagnostic radiology
Nature of x-rays
Production of x-rays
X-ray machine
Visualization of x-rays
Dental x-ray machines
Portable and mobile x-ray units
Physical parameters for x-ray detectors
Digital radiography
Model questions
20. X-ray computed tomography
Computed tomography
System components
Gantry geometry
System electronics
Patient dose in ct scanners
Model questions
21. Nuclear medical imaging systems
Radio-isotopes in medical diagnosis
Physics of radioactivity
Radiation detectors
Pulse height analyser
Uptake monitoring equipment
The gamma camera
Whole body gamma cameras
Emission computed tomography
Single-photon-emission-computed tomography (spect)
Positron emission tomography (pet) scanner
Model questions
22. Magnetic resonance imaging system
Principle of nmr imaging system
Image reconstruction techniques
Basic nmr components
Biological effect of nmr imaging
Advantages of nmr imaging system
Model questions. 23. Ultrasonic imaging systems
Diagnostic ultrasound
Physics of ultrasonic waves
Medical ultrasound
Basic pulse-echo apparatus
Imaging modes
Real-time ultrasonic imaging systems
Mechanical sector scanner
Multi-element linear array scanners
Duplex scanner
Modern ultrasound imaging systems
Area array systems
Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging systems
Intravascular imaging
Tissue harmonic imaging
Portable ultrasound systems
Biological effects of ultrasound
Model questions
24. Thermal imaging systems
Medical thermography
Physics of thermography
Infrared detectors
Thermographic equipment
Quantitative medical thermography
Pyroelectric vidicon based thermographic camera
Thermal camera-based on ir array sensor
Model questions
C. Part three: therapeutic equipment
25. Cardiac pacemakers
Need for cardiac pacemaker
External pacemakers
Implantable pacemakers
Recent developments in implantable pacemakers
Pacing system analyser
Model questions
26. Cardiac defibrillators
Need for a defibrillator
Dc defibrillator
Implantable defibrillators
Types of implantable defibrillators
Pacer-cardioverter-defibrillator
Defibrillator analysers
Left ventricular assist device (lvad)
Model questions
27. Instruments for surgery
Principle of surgical diathermy
Surgical diathermy machine
Safety aspects in electrosurgical units
Surgical diathermy analysers
Model questions
28. Laser applications in biomedical field
The laser
Types of lasers
Laser safety
Model questions
29. Physiotherapy and electrotherapy equipment
High frequency heat therapy
Short-wave diathermy machine
Microwave diathermy
Ultrasonic therapy unit
Electrodiagnostic/therapeutic apparatus
Pain relief through electrical stimulation
Diaphragm pacing by radio-frequency for the treatment of chronic ventilatory insufficiency
Bladder stimulators
Deep brain stimulation (dbs)
Model questions
30. Haemodialysis machines
Function of the kidneys
Artificial kidney
Dialyzers
Membranes for haemodialysis
Haemodialysis machine
Home (portable) kidney machines
Model questions
31. Lithotriptors
The stone disease problem
The shock wave
The first lithotriptor machine
Modern lithotriptor systems
Laser lithotripsy
Model questions
32. Anaesthesia machine
Need for anaesthesia
Anaesthesia machine
Capnography
Model questions
33. Ventilators
Mechanics of respiration
Artificial ventilation
Ventilators
Types of ventilators
Ventilator terms
Classification of ventilators
Pressure-volume-flow diagrams
Modern ventilators
High frequency ventilators
Humidifiers, nebulizers and aspirators
Model questions
34. Radiotherapy equipment
Use of high voltage x-ray machines
Development of betatron
Cobalt-60 machine
Gamma knife
Medical linear accelerator machine
Cyberknife
Model questions
35. Automated drug delivery systems
Infusion pumps
Components of drug infusion systems
Implantable infusion system
Closed-loop control in infusion systems
Examples of typical infusion pumps
Insulin pumps
Model questions
D. References

A. Summary:This 3rd Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated taking into account technological innovations and introduction of new and improved methods of medical diagnosis and treatment. Capturing recent developments and discussing new topics, the 3rd Edition includes a separate chapter on 'Telemedicine Technology', which shows how information and communication technologies have made significant contribution in better diagnosis and treatment of patients and management of health facilities. Alongside, there is coverage of new implantable devices as increasingly such devices are being preferred for treatment, particularly in neurological stimulation for pain management, epilepsy, bladder control, etc. The 3rd Edition also appropriately addresses 'Point of Care' equipment: as some technologies become easier to use and less expensive and equipment becomes more transportable, even complex technologies can diffuse out of hospitals and institutional settings into outpatient facilities and patient's homes