A History of Modern Immunology: The Path Toward Understanding/ Zoltan A. Nagy

Includes Bibliographical References and Indexes

CONTENTS:
Machine generated contents note: pt. I Pre-history with Far-reaching Consequences --
1. The Immunological Revolution --
1.1. The Clonal Selection Theory --
1.2. The Birth of B and T Lymphocytes --
1.3.T-B Cell Collaboration --
1.4. The Structure of Immunoglobulins --
1.5. Allergy: From Disease Symptoms to IgE --
References --
pt. II The History --
2.A Very Special Location: The Basel Institute for Immunology --
Reference --
3. Immunological Specificity --
References --
4. Monoclonal Antibodies: The Final Proof for Clonal Selection --
4.1. Discovery --
4.2. Immunology Goes Business --
4.3. The Technology Avalanche: Antibody Engineering --
References --
5. The First Victory of Molecular Biology: Mechanisms of the Generation of Antibody Diversity --
5.1. Theoretical Treatment of the Problem --
5.2. The Experimental Solution --
5.3. What did we Learn from the Mechanisms of GOD? --
5.4.A Baroque Embellishment of Antibody Diversity: The Idiotype Network --
References. Contents note continued: 6. The Major Histocompatibility Complex --
6.1. MHC Class I --
6.1.1. Discovery --
6.1.2. Class I MHC Molecules --
6.1.3. Class I MHC-Associated Traits and Their Relationship --
6.1.4. Participants of MHC Research in the Classic Era --
6.2. MHC Class II --
6.2.1. Immune Response Genes --
6.2.2. Stimulation in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction --
6.2.3. MHC Class II (la) Antigens --
6.2.4. Biochemical Characterization of Class II MHC Molecules --
6.2.5. What are Immune Response Genes in Reality? --
6.2.6. Mechanisms of MHC-Controlled Unresponsiveness --
6.3. Sorting Out the Genetics of MHC --
6.3.1. The Era of Formal Genetics --
6.3.2.A Simplified Interpretation of MHC Based on Biochemical and Functional Studies --
6.3.3. Molecular Biology has the Last Word: The Organization of MHC at the DNA Level --
References --
7. Antigen Processing and Presentation --
7.1. The Rules of Peptide Binding to MHC Molecules --
7.1.1.T Cell Epitopes. Contents note continued: 7.1.2. Peptide-Binding Motifs for Class I MHC Molecules --
7.1.3. Peptide-Binding Motifs for Class II MHC Molecules --
7.2. The Most Revealing Crystallographic Study in the History of Immunology: The Three-Dimensional Structure of MHC Molecules --
7.2.1. The Peptide-Binding Site of Class I Molecules --
7.2.2. The Peptide-Binding Site of Class II Molecules --
7.3. Antigen Processing and Loading Pathways --
7.3.1. Initial Evidence for Antigen Processing --
7.3.2. The Class I Pathway --
7.3.3. The Class II Pathway --
7.4. The Case for a Specialized Antigen-Presenting Cell --
7.5. Antigen Processing and Presentation: Phenomena that Beg for a Concept --
References --
8. The Intricate Behavior of T Cells --
8.1. Major Histocompatibility Complex Restriction of T-Cell Recognition --
8.1.1. Discovery --
8.1.2. MHC Restriction of Cytotoxic T-cell Responses --
8.1.3. MHC Restriction of Helper T-Cell Responses. Contents note continued: 8.1.4. Theoretical Implications of MHC Restriction: One Receptor or Two Receptors? --
8.1.5. Immunology and its Theoreticians --
8.2. Chase for the Antigen Receptor of T Cells --
8.2.1. Early Attempts at Identifying TCR: `Ig or not Ig, this is the Question' --
8.2.2. Serological Approaches to the Isolation of TCR --
8.2.3. The Winner is Again Molecular Biology: The TCR Gene Complex --
8.2.4. How T Cells Recognize Antigen: Crystallography of TCR--peptide--MHC Complexes --
8.3.T-Cell Recognition: From Facts Toward Understanding --
8.3.1.T-Cell Function in a Nutshell --
8.3.2. Specificity Requirements for Docking of TCR on MHC --
8.3.3. The Biology of Docking --
8.3.4. Peptide Recognition by TCR --
8.4. Thymus and the T-Cell Repertoire --
8.4.1. Early Events of Thymocyte Development --
8.4.2. The Germline Repertoire --
8.4.3. Selection of the T-Cell Repertoire in the Thymus --
8.4.4. The Mature T-Cell Repertoire --
8.5. Alloreactivity: The Continuing Puzzle. Contents note continued: 8.5.1. Relationship Between Alloreactive and Self-MHC Restricted T Cells --
8.5.2. Further Peculiarities of Alloresponses --
8.5.3. Alloreactivity: A Pot-Pourri of Different Responses --
8.6. Functional Subclasses of T Cells --
8.6.1. Ly1 and Ly2,3: Markers to Distinguish Between Helper and Cytotoxic T Cells --
8.6.2. How T-Cell Surface Markers Became Coreceptors --
8.6.3. Th1 and Th2: Functionally Distinct Subsets of T Helper Cells --
8.6.4. The Rise and Fall of Suppressor T Cells --
8.6.5. Rebirth of the Phoenix: From Ts to Treg --
8.7. Cell Adhesion, Costimulation, Co-Inhibition --
8.7.1. Cell Adhesion Receptors of the Immune System --
8.7.2. Costimulation, Co-Inhibition --
References --
9. Acquired Immunological Tolerance --
9.1. Discovery --
9.2. The Era of Theories --
9.2.1. The Concept of Self--Non-Self Discrimination --
9.2.2. What is Immunological Self? --
9.2.3. Early Theories of Self--Non-Self Discrimination. Contents note continued: 9.2.4. The Two-Signal or Associative-Recognition-of-Antigen Model --
9.2.5. Alternative Models --
9.2.6. An Aside on the Regulation of Effector Response --
9.2.7. The Bottom Line --
9.3. The Era of Mechanistic Studies --
9.3.1. Clonal Deletion of T Cells --
9.3.2. Clonal Deletion of B Cells --
9.3.3. Clonal Anergy --
9.3.4. An Unexpected Turn: Display of Peripheral Self in the Thymus --
9.4. Can Self Tolerance Be Understood? --
9.4.1. Importance of the Perinatal Window --
9.4.2. What Happens After the Perinatal Window Closed? --
9.4.3. Adult Tolerance in the B-Cell Compartment --
9.4.4. Adult Tolerance in the T-Cell Compartment --
9.4.5. Final Plea --
References --
10. Autoimmunity --
10.1. Genetic Factors Predisposing to Autoimmune Disease --
10.1.1. Genetic Association with the Major Histocompatibility Complex --
10.1.2. Selective Antigen Presentation: A Possible Mechanism for MHC--Disease Association --
10.1.3. Other Possible Mechanisms for MHC--Disease Association. Contents note continued: 10.1.4. Non-MHC Genes Predisposing to Autoimmunity --
10.2. How is Autoimmunity Initiated? --
10.2.1. Escape from Central Tolerance --
10.2.2. Escape from or Breaking of Peripheral Tolerance --
10.2.3. Availability of Autoantigen --
10.2.4. Environmental Triggers --
10.3. Some Aspects of Pathogenesis --
10.4. Approaches to Immunotherapy --
10.4.1. Targeting Antigen Presentation by MHC Molecules --
10.4.2. Targeting the Antigenic Ligand --
10.4.3. Targeting the T-Cell Antigen Receptor --
10.4.4. Targeting Co-Receptors, Co-Stimulation, and Cell Adhesion Molecules --
10.4.5. Targeting the Effector Response --
10.4.6. The Take-Home Lesson --
10.5. What Is Needed for Better Understanding of Autoimmunity? --